Cooling Method Of The Transformer Engineering Essay

Cooling Method Of The Trans pather Engineering EssayOne of the most definitive and ubiquitous electric machines is the transformer. It receives business office at champion electromotive force and delivers it at another. This conversion aids the efficient long-distance transmission of electrical ability form generating stations. Since motive lines incur signifi bottomt power passing playes, it is important to minimize these personnel casualtyes by the use of higher(prenominal) potential differences. The same power croupe be delivered by high- electromotive force circuits at a fraction of the on-going required for low-voltage circuits.The design of the charismatic circuit, the center of m maviny of the transformer, allow outgrowth be considered. The significance of the no-load behavior of the transformer is explained and of the magnetizing watercourse which exists under all ope symmetrynal condition.The common form of transformer involves a ferrocharismatic mall in revisal to ensure high value of magnetic liquefy linkage. This is excessively avowedly of the rotating machine.Although transformers ar generally associated with power system applications, they besides occur in many low power application including electronic circuits.Transformers effect changes of voltage with virtually no loss of power.BASIC PRINCIPLESThe transformer is based on 2 principles firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic playing bailiwick (electromagnetism) and secondly that a ever-changing magnetic field at heart a intertwine of wire induces a voltage across the polish offs of the spin (electromagnetic induction). ever-changing the current in the primal c crude colour changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the supplemental c rock oil colour.An apotheosis transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing done the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and s econdary coils be wrapped virtually a core of very high magnetic permeability, much(prenominal) as weight-lift, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.INDUCTION LAWThe voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states thatWhere VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the fortify of turns in the secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the body politic A through which it cuts. The empyrean is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an nonsuch transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary wi nding equalsTaking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltageENERGY LOSSESAn ideal transformer would halt no power losses, and would be 100% efficient. In serviceable transformers button is dissipated in the windings, core, and adjoin structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution ordinarily perform better than 98%.Experimental transformers using superconducting windings achieve efficiencies of 99.85%,While the gain in efficiency is small, when applied to large heavily-loaded transformers the annual savings in energy losses are significant.A small transformer, such as a plug-in wall-wart or power adapter type used for low-power consumer electronics, may be no more than 85% efficient, with considerable loss notwithstanding when not supplying any load. Though individual power loss is small, the aggregate losses from the very large number of such d evices is glide path under increased scrutiny.The losses vary with load current, and may be expressed as no-load or full-load loss. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and run currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, which encourages development of low-loss transformers (also see energy efficient transformer).Transformer losses are divide into losses in the windings, termed copper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron out loss. losings in the transformer a wax fromWINDING RESISTANCECurrent streamlined through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses.HYSTERESIS LOSSES individually time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. whirl around CURRENTSFerromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a wholeness short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents thitherfore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are trustworthy for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and Inverse comforting of the material thickness.MAGNETOSTRICTIONMagnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with to each one steering wheel of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound usually associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible cores.MECHANICAL LOSSESIn addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces among the primary and secondary windings. These trigger off vibrations within nearby metal take, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power.STRAY LOSSESleakage inductance is by itself lar jellyy lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. in that respect are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small.DOT CONVENTIONIt is common in transformer schematic symbols for there to be a dot at the end of each coil within a transformer, particularly for transformers with multiple windings on either or both of the primary and secondary sides. The purpose of the dots is to indicate the direc tion of each winding relative to the other windings in the transformer. Voltages at the dot end of each winding are in phase, while current flowing into the dot end of a primary coil will response in current flowing out of the dot end of a secondary coil.TYPE OF TRANSFORMERThere are many types of transformer is there one of them is Air-cored transformer.The institutionalise-cored transformer may literally consist of two concentric coils which exhaust zero but line of merchandise within the coils. This immediately has the advantage that the magnetizing current has just the same waveform as the voltage to which it is related. It has the very significant disfavor that it is difficult to produce the necessary magnetic flux to generate the beguile e.m.f.LEAKAGE FLUXThe ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, whateverwhat flux traverses paths that take it outside the windin gs. Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not flat a power loss (see Stray losses below), but results in lowly voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage to fail to be directly proportional to the primary, particularly under heavy load. Transformers are therefore commonly designed to have very low leakage inductance.However, in some applications, leakage can be a desirable property, and long magnetic paths, air gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may be on purpose introduced to a transformers design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply. permeable transformers may be used to supply loads that exhibit disallow resistance, such as electric arcs, mercury desiccation lamps, and neon signs or for safely handling loads that become periodically sh ort-circuited such as electric arc welders. Air gaps are also used to pass on a transformer from saturating, especially audio-frequency transformers in circuits that have a direct current flowing through the windings.COOLING METHOD OF TRANSFORMEROil is used to imperturbable the transformer. It also provide part of the electrical insulating material between inbred line parts, transformer oil moldiness remain invariable at high temperature for an extended period.Very large or high-power transformer may also have change yellowish browns, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers.Cooling fan is used in transformer.High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. olive-sized transformers do not generate significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans.Power transformer rated up to a few KVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. Some power transformers are immersed in specialized transformer oil that acts both as a cooling medium, thereby extending the lifetime of the insulation transformer. The transformer gets heated due the iron and copper losses occurring in them. It is necessary to dissipate this heat so that the temperature of the winding is kept below the value at which the insulation begins to deteriorate. The cooling of transformer is more difficult than the rotating machines because these machines create a turbulent air flow, which assists in removing the heat generated due losses. Luckily the losses in transformers are relatively small. According to cooling system there are two types of transformer1- ONAN oil natural air natural2- ONAF oil natural air constrainedOil natural by means a number of radiators with air natural flow. The radiator is fixed to the tank through individual cut-off valves, provided with a make out dir ect closing device in line with the radiator connector pipage position, indicate open position of the valve.LOSSES INTRANSFORMERAn ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core , and surrounding structure.TRANSFORMER oil bear witnessTransformer oil can give better insulation take aim to operate the transformer. It also is a coolant to carry the heat away from the electrical transformer windings and iron core to the cooling radiators on the side of the oil filled transformer. If there is no better insulation level, it produced short circuit in the transformer. There for transformer oil should be checked. Normally moisture and other liquids are confused with oil, the insulation level is reduced. Normally we can see the silica gel for absorb the moisture of transformer. Also there is an equipment to check the insulation level of transformer.TRANSFORMER OILTransformer oil, o r insulating oil, is usually a highly- refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformer, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.EXPLANATIONThe oils help cool the transformer. Because it also provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts, transformer oil moldiness remain stable at high temperatures for an extended period. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformer may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers.Large, high voltage transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the applicati on of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent electrical breakdown under load.Oil filled transformer with a conservator tend to be equipped with Buchholz relays.These are safety devices that detect the build of gases inside the transformer and switch off the transformer. Transformer without conservators is usually equipped with sudden closet relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay.The flash elevation and pour flower are 140 detail c and -6 degree c respectively. The dielectric strength of new untreated oil is 12MV/m and after treatment it should be 24MV/M.Large transformer for indoor use must either be of the dry type, that is, containing no liquid, or use a less-flammable liquid.Well into the 1970, polychlorinated biphenyls were often used as a dielectric tranquil since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and u nder incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan. Starting in beforehand(predicate) 1970, concern about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their banning in many countries.Today, non-toxic, stable silicone-based or fluorinated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a fire-resisting liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion- resistant veg oil-based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid, ester is also becoming progressively common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than minerals oil.COOLING PRODUCTSTransformer oil acts as an insulating and cooling medium in transformers. The insulating oil fills up pores in fibrous insulation and also the gaps between the coil conductors and the spacing between the siding and the tank, and thus increases the dielectric strength of the insulation. A transformer in surgical operation generates heat in the winding, and that heat is transferred to the oil. Heated oil then flows to the radiators by convection. Oil supplied from the radiators, being cooler, cools the winding. There are several important properties such as dielectric strength, flash point, viscosity, specific gravity and pour point and all of them have to be considered when qualifying oil for use in transformers. Normally mineral oil is used, but coconut oil has been shown to have all the properties needed to function as an environmentally friendly and sparing replacement to the mineral oil for this purpose.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AIR COOLED TRANSFORMER AND OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMERThe basic difference between the air cooled transformer and oil immersed transformer isIf the heat generated in the transformer winding is capable of being swapped by the surrounding ambient air without causing any problem to the performance of the transformer then its usually reffered as Naturally Air Cooled transformer or simply air cooled transformer.However when the qualification of the transformer increases, the heat generated in the winding of the transformer is more and the ambient air normally is inadequate to cool the windings and maintain the performance of the transformer. Its because of this reason the transformer windings are submerge in an oil tank. It has been observed that the hydrogen ions present in oil help to maintain the temperature of the winding of the transformer and thus overall performance of transformer. military force OF FREQUENCYThe time-derivative term in Faradays Law shows that the flux in the core is the integral with respect to time of the applied voltage. Hypothetically an ideal transformer would work with direct-current excitation, with the core flux increasing linearly with time. In practice, the flux would rise to the point where magnetic saturation of the core occurs, causing a abundant increase in the magnetizing current and overheating the transformer. All practical transformers must therefore operate with alternating (or pulsed) current.